Modem Huawei

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Huawei E156G 3.6Mbps HSDPA USB
Rp 700.000,-

Huawei E156G White

Huawei E156G Black

Huawei E156G USB HSDPA 3.6 Mbps Wireless Modem. Berbentuk USB Stick, sangat kecil, hanya seperti sebuah Flash Disk kecil. Download Speed = 3.6 Mbps , Upload speed = 384 Kbps. USB 2.0 480Mbps interface (Compatible to almost all type of computer). Fully support All worldwide GSM operators (Dijamin bekerja baik dengan semua operator GSM). OS Compatible list : Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista & Mac OS. USB modem with built-in Micro SD card slot (Micro SD card not supplied). Dimensions: 70.125.611.6mm . Weight: only 50 grams .

Get hassle free broadband speed access to the web on the move. Welcome the super slim and lightweight E156G. You get freedom from wires and speedy Internet access on the move all in a tiny 30g USB Modem. Plus you can use your new best friend as a memory stick, just add a MicroSD card to the slot and load up to 4GB of whatever you like.

The E156G is preloaded with our Birdstep dashboard, which is easy to use and automatically updates itself to its newest version available. It also links from your desktop straight through to My3.

Just plug the USB Modem into your USB slot and watch as everything auto-installs, it's quick and easy, and with HSPDA you can get broadband internet access speeds of up to 3.6Mbps.

To use your feather-light E156G you'll need a few things. Your computer or laptop needs a minimum of 50MB hard disk space, 1 free USB port, a Windows 2000, XP, Vista or and Mac OSX operating system. The great user-friendly Modem Manager interface will manage your connection; display all the text messages you receive on your mobile broadband number and reply to them while you're logged in.

Maximum download speed
3.6 Mbps
Maximum upload speed
384 kbps

Compatible with
Windows (2000, XP, Vista) and Mac (10.4 and 10.5)
3customised dashboard (Birdstep)
MicroSD slot (up to 4GB)
External antenna interface

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Modem Novatel

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Novatel Wireless Ovation MC950D
Rp 650.000,-

Novatel Wireless Ovation MC950D USB HSUPA Wireless Modem. HSUPA (High Speed Upload Packet Access). Download Speed = 7.2 Mbps , Upload speed = 2.1 Mbps. USB 2.0 480Mbps interface (Compatible to almost all type of computer). Fully support All worldwide GSM operators with 2100MHz UMTS(Dijamin bekerja baik dengan semua operator GSM dengan UMTS 2100 MHz - Semua operator GSM di Indonesia dijamin bisa - Telkomsel, Indosat, XL, Axis, Three). Juga bisa dipakai di USA 3G-1900MHz. OS Compatible list : Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista & Mac OS.

The Ovation MC950D USB Modem is an HSDPA/HSUPA Mobile Broadband device using the Qualcomm MSM7200 chipset. This global tri-band HSDPA/UMTS and quad band EDGE/GPRS modem is packaged inside one of the smallest form factors currently available. The MC950D provides a full Mobile Broadband experience, with download rates of 7.2 Mbps and upload speeds of up to 2.1Mbps.

Pack light with Ovation!
The MC950D is a patent-pending mobile broadband USB modems optimized for Europe, Japan, North America and territories around the world which support the 2100 MHz band.

MC950D: Tri-Band 850/1900/2100 MHz HSUPA/HSDPA/UMTS; Quad-Band 850/900/1800/1900 MHz GPRS/EDGE

FAST Wireless Broadband Connectivity*
No need for WiFi with this solution. These little guys provide a total mobile internet experience, with download rates of 7.2 Mbps and upload speeds of up to 2.1 Mbps worldwide* making it easier to access the Internet, your corporate network, email, and transfer files, music, pictures, and video from virtually anywhere.

Fun for Everyone!
Ovation MC950D is designed to support various platforms, Windows, Mac, and Linux. The USB form factor makes for a truly versatile device, as it is smaller and more widely available than a traditional PCMCIA card.

No wires, no battery, no hassles
With Ovation connectivity is on the fly! Unlike other competing devices, Ovation MC950D doesn't use an external battery. Get connected wherever, whenever, and for as long as you need; not as long as your battery will last. No costly battery replacements, no additional chargers to lug about in your baggage, no unnecessary stress. Ovation is designed to make your life easier, not give you another thing to worry about (or carry around).

Lose the CD: Software, drivers, and user guides are on the device
MobiLink™ Lite Connection Manager software and drivers for Windows are included on the device. Connect to the Internet without the need to install drivers from a CD, just plug it in, allow the software and drivers to automatically load and you’re ready! (Activation with a Service Provider is required). The Windows User Guide is available online at www.novatelwireless.com/support

Mac users use the native Mac Internet Connect application in Tiger and Leopard. Just pop in the device and the Mac Driver Installer for Ovation automatically launches. The Mac User Guide for Ovation MC950D leads the user through an easy-to-use setup.

Key Features

* Peak download speeds to 7.2 Mbps and upload speeds of 2.1 Mpbs for web surfing, email, VPNs, and more. Use in home, office, on the road - virtually anywhere for on the go mobility. Works in North America, Europe, Japan, and countries around the work in supported bands.
* Small compact USB mobile broadband data modem. Only 70 x 25 x 12 mm (L x W x H), suitable for home, office and when mobile.
* No installation - Mobilink™ Lite Connection Manager is pre-installed, flashed in the USB modem’s memory. Dashboard customization as well as multiple languages is also available. MobiLink™ Software Development Kit (SDK) can be used for integration of third party dashboards.
* Multi-color LED indicator for real-time service status, technology modes, and error conditions
* Built-in 5 bands (integrated)
* High efficiency broadband
* One piece with integrated antenna
* Supports Microsoft Vista, Windows® 2000, XP, Mac OS® X; Linux*


Key Benefits

* Small & Compact
* Global Capabilities
* Easy-to-install software
* Large data files can be sent and received more quickly
* Plug-and-play
* Secure internet access
* Dependable, reliable product

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Modem Option

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Option Icon 225
Rp. 650.000,-
HSDPA connectivity at up to 7.2 Mbps (up to 7.2 Mbps downlink and 384 kbps uplink) , Compact USB stick form-factor measuring 63x26x13 mm , Multimode HSDPA,UMTS,EDGE,GPRS,GSM , Worldwide coverage with quad-band EDGE,GPRS,GSM , EDGE,GPRS,GSM connectivity at up to 247 kbps , USB stick with USB connector protection cap , Status LED indicators , Fully support All worldwide GSM operators (Dijamin bekerja baik dengan semua operator GSM). Software Compatible list : Microsoft Windows 2000 , Microsoft Windows XP , Microsoft Windows Vista , MAC OS X .

Compact and very fast, the iCON 225 is an affordable HSDPA USB modem delivering single-band 3G download data speeds of up to 7.2Mbps. By incorporating quad-band 2G, as well as 2100 MHz 3G data connectivity, the iCON 225 is a convenient data roaming solution allowing online access virtually anywhere in the world.

The iCON 225 is user-friendly too. Its small form factor (just 63 x 26 x 13 mm and weighing only 27g) means it's easy to take with you wherever you go. Everything you need is installed automatically when you connect the device to your computer for the first time. The devices status is shown by an easy-to-see LED display, while the sturdy cap incorporates an attachment point for the supplied lanyard.

Low cost, entry-level HSDPA mobile broadband

* High-speed downloads
* Worldwide usage on UMTS and EDGE/GPRS networks
* Compact: just 63 x 26 x 13 mm

Hardware specifications

* Status LED indicators
* SIM card interface compliant with 3GPP 31.101 and 31.102 supporting 1.8 and 3V UICCs

Powering and Interfacing

* USB 1.1 Full speed
* Drivers: Windows 2000 Pro, Personal and XP Pro/Home, Vista and MAC OS X.
* PCSC compatible driver, compliant with ISO 7816 and 3GPP TS11.11
* SIM-ME interface as specified in 3GPP GSM TS11.11 and GSM 11.12 and with compliance to ISO 7816.
* SIM Application toolkit capable SIM to 3GPP GSM TS11.14.
* NDIS or Standard modem emulation for compatibility with terminal programs/diallers and for use with proprietary operating systems. AT Interface 3GPP TS27.005, ATD*99# and ATD*99***# support
* Multiple communication ports for simultaneous data call and network coverage reports

Size
63 x 26 x 13 mm in device

Weight
27g

Website OPTION
PDF Specification
High resolution picture

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Modem PCMCIA

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Option GT Max 1.8
RP 400.000,- (Shipping Not Included / Belum Masuk Ongkir)

GlobeTrotter GT MAX is the ultimate PC Data Card solution, bring-ing world-wide broadband wireless capability to laptops and notebooks by combining triple-band HSDPA/UMTS with quad-band EDGE/GPRS technologies in a revolutionary PC Card package. The design of the GlobeTrotter GT MAX incorporates Option's unique and patented "Butterfly" retractable antenna concept that frees you from the need to remove any part of your card from your notebook for transport.

On a 3G HSDPA network anywhere in the world, GlobeTrotter GT MAX enables connection to the Internet at data speeds of up to 1.8 Mbps. In areas where HSDPA service is not available the GlobeTrotter GT MAX still enables reliable and secure data connections over UMTS at up to 384 kbps, E-GPRS (up to 247 kbps) and GPRS (up to 85.6)

FEATURES

* Worldwide coverage through tri-band HSDPA/UMTS Air Inand quad-band E-GPRS/GSM
* Multimode HSDPA/UMTS/E-GPRS/GPRS/GSM wireless data card
* Provides HSDPA and UMTS high-speed data (up to 1.8 Mbps) connectivity for mobile users
* Provides E-GPRS/GPRS/GSM data (up to 247 kbps) connectivity
* Transparent handover between HSDPA/UMTS and GSM/E-GPRS networks
* Compatible with nearly all popular notebook PCs equipped with Type II PC card slot and Microsoft Windows operating system
* Securely access corporate resources with its transparent support for IPSec and VPN technology
* PCSC-driver for EAP-SIM and other 3-party applications in need of a Smart Card Interface
* Supports third party applications that provide Video Telephony (3GPP 3G-324M, H.324, H264 Baseline Video), SIP, SMS, IM, MMS,
* Internet and Email.
* Comprehensively tested on infrastructures and networks worldwide
* GlobeTrotter Mobility Manager application (Connection Manager and SMS centre)
* Future proofing through Flash Memory technology



SPECIFICATIONS

* UMTS Air Interface:
o WCDMA 850/1900/2100 MHz
o 3GPP FDD compliant, up to 1.8Mbps Peak Rate
o UE Power Class 3 (+24 dBm)
o High Speed packet-switched data:
+ Support for UMTS QoS traffic classes
+ Support for PPP, IP transparent and non-transparent modes
o Circuit-switched data Single-RAB streaming: 64, 57.6, 28.8 and 14.4 kbps
* EGPRS/GSM Air Interface:
o EGPRS 850/900/1800/1900 MHz
o EDGE Power Class E2, GSM Power Class 1 at 1800/1900
o MHz and Power Class 4 at 850/900 MHz; coding scheme UL & DL - CS 1-4, MCS 1-9
o Packet-switched data:
+ Multislot (E)GPRS Class 10, (E)GPRS Class B Type 1 MT
+ Streaming, Background and Interactive QoS Classes Supported
o Circuit-switched data: 14.4, 12.2 and 9.6EGPRS/GSM Air Interface:
* Terminal Equipment Interfaces:
o Drivers: Windows™ 2000 Pro, Personal and XP Pro and Home
o PCSC compatible driver, compliant with ISO 7816 and 3GPP TS11.11
o SIM-ME interface as specified in 3GPP GSM TS11.11 and GSM 11.12 and with compliance to ISO 7816
o SIM Application toolkit capable SIM to 3GPP GSM TS11.14
o Standard modem emulation for compatibility with terminal programs/diallers and for use with proprietary operating systems. AT Interface 3GPP TS27.005, ATD*99# and ATD*99***# support
o Multiple communication ports for simultaneous data call and network coverage reports



HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS

* Card Type: Extended Type II PCMCIA compliant; 3.3V card. (32 bit Cardbus Interface)
* Miniature External Antenna Connection
* Blue LED for HSDPA/UMTS and Green LED for GSM/GPRS/EDGE
* SIM card interface compliant with 3GPP 31.101 and 31.102 supporting 1.8 and 3V UICCs
* Environmental Operating temperature: 0 to +55ºUSB 1.1 interface, USB 2.0 compatible



APPROVALS/CERTIFICATIONS

* All applicable regulatory approvals, Operator and Infrastructure IOT
* Microsoft WHQL certified

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Modem USB

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Sierra 881U
RP 780.000,- (Shipping Not Included / Belum Masuk Ongkir)
* + GPS Enabled + Rp 150.000
* + Docking + Rp 180.000



The AirCard® 881U are the latest in USB modems from Sierra Wireless. Designed to work on HSDPA/HSUPA networks, mobile users will experience significantly increased speeds - up to 7.2 Mbps downlink and 2.0 Mbps uplink.

These USB modems are a flexible solution, ideal for desktop or notebook computer use and are compatible with both Windows and Mac operating systems. The familiar USB connection and simple setup make getting a fast, reliable wireless connection easy.
KEY FEATURES

* Transfer wireless data at speeds of up to 7.2 Mbps on the downlink and 2.0 Mbps on the uplink, on the latest HSPA networks
* Familiar USB connection
* Fully compatible with HSDPA, UMTS, EDGE, GPRS, and GSM networks
* Supported OS: Windows® Vista, XP, 2000, and Mac OS X
* Internal battery that supplements the power from the USB port when extra power is required

KEY BENEFITS

* Portable solution for enterprise & home use
* High speed wireless connectivity in more places than Wi-Fi, offering greater mobility
* Global compatible - support for latest HSPA technology, but backward compatible where unavailable
* Reliable connection and speed, even in fringe network areas

Technical Specifications

* Technology

USB Modem (USB Port)
MSM 7200 Chipset
UMTS with HSDPA Category 8/6/12 (7.2/3.6/1.8 Mbps downlink)
HSUPA Category 5 (2.0 Mbps uplink)
EDGE/GPRS MS Class 12
WCDMA receive equalizer with dual
antenna diversity

* Bands

850/1900/2100MHz WCDMA Power class 3 (+24dBm)
850/900MHz GSM/GPRS/EDGE GSM Power class 4/EDGE E2
1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS/EDGE GSM Power Class 1/EDGE E2
GPS/1575 MHz

* Dual Antenna Diversity

* Operating System Support

Windows® Vista, XP, 2000
Mac OS X

* Environmental

Operating Temperature: 0 to 45° Celsius
Storage Temperature: -40 to 85° Celsius
RoHs Compliant

* Power Consumption

Voltage: 5.0 V
USB Port: 500 mA
Li-Poly Battery: 380 mA

* Single System Requirements

USB Port
System: Pentium 150 MHz or higher
Memory: 32 MB
Disk Space: 32 MB

* Dimensions

93mm (L) 39mm (W) x 20mm (H)
Weight: 60 grams (includes battery)

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UIB VISITS CONFUCIUS INSTITUTE OF NTU

UIB MANDARIN CENTER VISITS CONFUCIUS INSTITUTE OF NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

To follow up the visit of the UIB officials on 23 May 2009 to Confucius Institute of Nanyang Technological University (CI-NTU), Head of Mandarin Center of Universitas Internasional Batam (Lu Sudirman, SH,MM,M.Hum, Head Deputy of Mandarin Center (Joni Yang, S.Kom) and Head of Quality Assurance Center (Rina Shahriyani Shahrullah, SH,MCL,PhD) visited CI-NTU on 3 July 2009. They were received by the Director of Confucius Institute, NTU (Associate Prof.Koh Hock Kiat) and Dr.Peng.

Mr.Lu and Mr.Yang on behalf of the Mandarin Center of UIB proposed a collaborative establishment on a Chinese Language Training with CI-NTU. The Mandarin Center will conduct Chinese classes for UIB students starting September 2009. In this connection, CI-NTU is expected to share their expertise in conducting Chinese classes. In the discussion, Mr.Lu explained that Mandarin (Chinese Language) will become a mandatory subject for UIB students. The students will be given a placement test to ascertain their Mandarin proficiency and understanding. CI-NTU will assist the Center on the methods of teaching Mandarin. After having a discussion, Mr.Lu, Mr.Yang and Ms.Shahrullah were given a tour to see the facilities of CI-NTU. Mandarin Center and CI-NTU will sign a MOU this year to smoothen the collaboration between the two institutions.(Rina)

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Shi Shang Zhi You Ma Ma Hao ( Mommy's the only dearest in the world )

Shi shang zhi you ma ma hao
you ma de hai zi xiang ge bao.
tou jin ma ma de huai bao
xin fu xiang bu liao.

shi shang zhi you ma ma hao
mei ma de hai zi xiang ge cao
li kai ma ma de huai bao
xin fu na li zhao.


世上只有妈妈好
有妈的孩子像个宝
投进了妈妈的怀抱
幸福享不了

世上只有妈妈好
没妈的孩子像根草
离开妈妈的怀抱
幸福哪里找


The Meaning:
Mommy's the only dearest in the world
With a mom, you have the most valued treasure.
Jump into mom's heart
and you have endless happiness.

Mommy's the only dearest in the world
without a mom you are like a piece of grass/straw
away from mom's heart,
where will you find happiness?

Get this widget | Track details | eSnips Social DNA

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How Adsense Works And Pay You ?

How Adsense Works ?

If you go to Google and do a search for almost any keyword phrase, you'll notice some "Sponsored Links" that appear on the right side of the screen that are relevant to the keywords you just searched for.

These are paid ads from web site owners trying to bring targeted visitors to their web sites. The advertisers pay Google every time their ad gets a click by a web surfer.

Now you can display these same ads on your site just like Google and get paid for it. Every time an ad is clicked from your site, you will receive a certain percentage of what Google receives from the advertiser.



Why Would Google Give Away Their Money ?

With Google AdSense advertisers are getting more exposure of thier website all over the web. This will help them gaining targeted traffic better than before.

This is also good news for Google because the more traffic the advertisers receive, the faster their funds are used up. And of course, it is Google's hope that they'll continue to advertise with them and keep funneling more money into their advertising account. This is a very ingenious way for Google to keep raking in the revenue.

And of course it's good news for you because you're getting paid to simply display a few text ads for free.

GoogleGuy Explains AdSense

GoogleGuy, an anonymous Google employee who contributes to discussions on the WebMasterWorld.com forums, explains how AdSense will help information sites:

"...sites that provide solid content, especially niche sites that don't want to hunt down their own advertisers, should really benefit ... there's a whole universe of people who ... mostly produce informational sites, and the chance to recoup their costs without much effort is nice. I hope AdSense does encourage more diversity and voices on the web, because now smaller sites can work on what they're interested in – the content of their sites – without worrying very much about the costs of self-publishing information."

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Introduction

AdSense is an ad serving application run by Google Inc. Website owners can enroll in this program to enable text, image, and more recently, video advertisements on their websites. These advertisements are administered by Google and generate revenue on either a per-click or per-impression basis. Google beta tested a cost-per-action service, but discontinued it in October 2008 in favor of a DoubleClick offering (also owned by Google).

During the summer of 2003, Google introduced a new ad delivery mechanism for website publishers (both large and small) known as Google AdSense. Earlier Google AdWords ads were only available for publishers with more than 20 million impressions per month. AdSense can now cater to small niche website publishers by bringing in content targeted advertisements to their websites.

From Google's own words :

"Google AdSense is a fast and easy way for website publishers of all sizes to display relevant, unobtrusive Google ads on their website's content pages and earn money. Because the ads are related to what your users are looking for on your site, you'll finally have a way to both monetize and enhance your content pages.

It's also a way for web site publishers to provide Google search to their site users, and to earn money by displaying Google ads on the search results pages."

Currently Google adsense is the best paying & most reliable source of income for webmasters. Adsense program consists display of google ads through adsense for web pages and through adsense for web search.

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The Suicidal Poem

I have to end this life
I'm sorry if I made mistakes
I don't know what I did
But I'm sure, I didn't meant to do it
Sorry my friends,
I'm so tired of this life
I'm so sick of this life
I wanna sweep away all of my tears
All of my fears
All of my pain
All of problems that haunted my life
Don't try to get me back
Don't try to hold my hand
Cause I'm too late to save
Cause I'm a sinner
And I'm not deserve to live in this holy world
The world doesn't need me
I've no longer needed here
So why should I stay here?
If you read this poem
This is the last thing I wrote
The last time I told you about my feeling
The last tears that fell from my eyes
Before I meet My Maker
Before I take a responsibility of what I did
Cause He must not like what I did
So He can put me on the south of heaven
Far far away from His Kingdom
And taking closer again with everlasting fears
It's all the same wherever I lived
Only the place will change
But the pain that I gain is never gonna change
Will it ended up in hell?
I don't know exactly
But my life's here isn't happily ever after
And all that I wrote is still a poem
Until I ended my life myself...

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4 Things How And Why We Choose A Operating System

1. Support the applications the business needs to run!!
2. Stability
- How often does OS crash?
- How does the OS recover from crashes?
3. Security
- Does the OS provide the required level of security?
4. Ease of use
- Is the OS easy to learn and to use?

Major Operating Systems:
UNIX - Early 1970
DOS - 1980
Windows 1.0 - 1983
Macintosh - 1985
Windows 3.0 - 1990
Linux - 1991
Windows NT 3.1 - 1993
Windows 95 - 1995
Macintosh 8.5 - 1998
Windows 98 - 1998
Windows Me - 2000
Windows 2000 - 2000
Mac OS X 10.0 - 2001
Windows XP - 2001

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Operating Systems (OS)

- Software platform on which other programs run
- Provides a connection between application programs and the computer hardware
- Major tasks
   - Starting the computer (booting or boot strap)
   - Managing files
   - Program and memory management
   - Ensuring security
   - Providing a user interface

Managing Files:
- OS keeps track where all files are located
- Creates and manages directory structure
   - Free space
   - Used space
   - Formerly used space (see defragmentation)

Program and memory management:
- OS is responsible for
   - Sending a program to the CPU
   - Allocating primary storage for the program
   - Controlling other devices the program requires
- Multiprogramming and Multitasking
   - More than one program in memory at once
   - OS keeps track of memory for each program
   - One program runs until it needs data from the user, then the OS    - switches to the other program
- Time sharing
- Virtual memory

Ensuring security:
- Access control – Who has access to the computer; needed when network connected
- File permissions – Read and/or modify security permissions for individual files
- Logging – Audit trail of who has accessed the computer and what actions they performed

Providing a User Interface:
- Text or command line interfaces
- Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)
- Voice interface

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Main Types of Software

Systems software
- Programs that manage computer hardware and application software
- Examples
   - Operating systems (e.g. Windows, Linux)
   - Language translators (C++, Visual Basic)
   - Utility programs (Norton Utilities)

Application software
- Programs that allow users to accomplish specific tasks
- Examples
   - Word processing
   - Web browser
   - Tax preparation

Relationship of Software to Hardware:

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Central Processing Unit & Computer Program

Two main components
   - Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
   - Control unit (CU)
   - Registers are used as scrap paper – intermediate results
Speed measured in hertz
   - Megahertz – millions of instructions per second
   - Gigahertz – billions of instructions per second

Computer Program Instruction Execution
- Connect all the pieces together
   - Bus – electrical pathway
   - All digital data moves from component to component on the bus
- Executing an instruction
   - Control unit fetches next instruction from primary storage and stores it onboard the CPU
   - The control unit decodes the instruction
   - The ALU executes the instruction possibly accessing other data in primary storage
- Cycle is repeated millions of times per second

Types of Computers:
- Supercomputers
- Mainframes
- Minicomputers
- Workstations
- Desktop computers
- Notebook computers (laptops)
- Handheld computers (PDAs)

How Program Running on Computer




Moore's Law

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Secondary Storage

- Nonvolatile storage of digital data
- Magnetic or optical
- Magnetic media
   - Sequential access (tape) or direct access (HDD)
   - Hard disk drives
      - Metal disk with metallic coating
      - Disk spins at speeds of up to 7000 rpm
      - RAID – redundant array of inexpensive disks
   - Floppy disks
   - Magnetic tape
   - Zip disks and other magnetic storage alternatives

Optical Secondary Storage
- Compact disks (CDs)
   - 600 MB capacity
   - CD-ROM
   - CD-R
   - CD-RW
- Digital versatile disks (DVDs)
   - 2 – 17 GD capacity
   - DVD
   - DVD+/-R
   - DVD+/-RW

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Primary Storage

- Digital data stored in bits – BInary digiTs
- Combination of 8 bits is called a byte
- Different combinations of bits represent different symbols
   - ASCII
   - EBCDIC
- All data and programs are represented in bits
   - Video
   - Pictures
   - Text
- The main memory of the computer
- Stored on semiconductor chips
   - RAM – random access memory
      - Volatile
      - Cache memory
         - Internal – ultra high speed and VERY expensive
         - External – very high speed and less expensive than internal cache
   - ROM – read only memory
      - Non-volatile
- Primary storage holds all programs that are running and the data those programs use

Data Storage Units

Name	Storage Amount	Approximate Equivalent
Byte	String of 8 bits	1 character
Kilobyte	1.024 bytes	½ typewritten page
Megabyte	1.048.576 bytes	1 digital picture
Gigabyte	1.073.741.824 bytes	Beethoven's 5th Symphony on CD
Terabyte	1.099.511.627.776 bytes	2.000 CD
Petabyte	1.125.899.906.842.624 bytes	160.000 DVDs(more than half of all theatrical releases)
Exabyte	1.152.921.504.606.846.976 bytes	½ the amount of information generated in a year(5 exabyte = all words ever spoken by human beings)
Zettabyte	1.180.591.620.717.414.303.424 bytes	As Much data as grains of sand on all the world's beaches
Yottabyte	1.202.925.819.614.629.174.706.176 bytes	As much data as the number of atoms in 2 tablespoons of water

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Output Devices

Monitors
   - Cathode ray tube (CRTs)
   - Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
   - Quality of display
     - Resolution
     - Dot pitch

Touch screens
   - Input and output via display device

Printers
- Speed and resolution
   - Pages per minute
   - Dots per inch
     - Number of ink dots to fill a square inch
     - Higher DPI the greater the page clarity
- Impact
   - Create image by striking paper and ribbon
   - Dot-matrix
- Non-impact
   - Create image by spraying or rolling ink on the page

Non-impact Printers

- Ink-jet technology printers
   - Spray ink on the paper
   - Small
   - Quiet
   - Color is readily and cheaply available
- Laser printers
   - Laser heats drum which rolls ink (toner) on paper
   - Can be faster than ink-jet
   - Color more expensive than ink-jet

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Input Devices

Human input devices:
   - Allow person to send data to the computer
   - Keyboard
   - Mouse (and other pointing devices)

Machine-readable input devices:
   - Send data directly to computer without human involvement
   - No human involvement means no human error
   - Usually faster than human input

Keyboard as Input Device

- Easy way to enter text, numbers, and simple commands
- Follows the layout of the typewriter
- QWERTY keyboard leads to RSIs
   - Repetitive Stress Injuries
   - Requires increased attention to ergonomics of the work environment
     - Posture
     - Lighting
     - Working

Machine-readable Input Devices

- Bar code scanners
   - Uses light to read series of coded stripes
   - Universal Product Code (UPC) – Adams.com
   - Package tracking at UPS
- Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
   - Software that works with scanner
   - Translates scanned digital image to character that user can recognize and manipulate
- Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
   - Character recognition technology used by banks to allow rapid routing of checks between banks

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The Core Computer Components & Historical Development of Computer

The Historical Development of Computers:
- Babbage’s Analytical Engine – 1820s – 1870s
   - Punched card program
   - Lady Ada Byron, the first programmer
- Herman Hollerith
   - Hollerith code
   - Punched card tabulating machines – 1890 census
- ENIAC during WWII used vacuum tubes
- 1960s introduced transistor to replace tubes
- 1970s – introduction of the microprocessor
- 1974 – Altair 8800 – the first PC
- 1976 – Wosniak and Jobs – Apple I
- 1977 – Apple II
   - Plastic case
   - Keyboard
   - Capable of color graphics
- 1981 – IBM PC (introduction of MS-DOS)
- 1984 – Apple Macintosh
   - Graphical User interface (GUI) pioneered a Xerox PARC


The Core Computer Components:
- Input device(s)
- Output device(s)
- Primary storage
- Secondary storage
- Central processing unit (CPU)
- Busses

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